Sultan Abdul Hamid II is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the Ottoman Empire. The period of his reign marks both its last glimmer and the beginning of its collapse, which is why there has been a systematic study of his life and state, sometimes from a purely scientific perspective and sometimes from a political standpoint.
Although at first glance the tombs of the aforementioned sultan appear to be dissolved, such a conclusion cannot be certain, as it is almost impossible to connect all aspects of his work to each other, and often these aspects present conflicting differences.
This period is interesting not only in relation to internal issues of the Ottoman state, but primarily because it is during this time that the ideological current of pan-Islamism develops, which, undergoing various evolutionary phases, will ultimately crystallize in the reestablishment of Islam by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928, and the subsequent splintering of Islamist organizations that advocate the ideal of reestablishing the caliphate as a model of governance for the entire community of believers.